Desempenho de pré-escolares em vocabulário e habilidades preditivas no ensino híbrido / Preschool performance in vocabulary and predictive skills in blended learning / Desempeño de preescolares en vocabulario y habilidades predictivas en aprendizaje combinado

Introdução: O ensino remoto limitou a vivência de experiências concretas em espaços coletivos de formação de conhecimentos e intensificou a vulnerabilidade infantil quanto à educação formal, em especial as crianças em fase inicial de alfabetização. A partir deste panorama, tornou-se fundamental investigar o desempenho de escolares em busca de informações sobre a repercussão ocasionada pela pandemia de COVID-19 ao desenvolvimento infantil. Objetivo: Verificar o desempenho de pré-escolares em vocabulário e habilidades preditivas no ensino híbrido, frente aos impactos da pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Participaram deste estudo 12 escolares, com idade entre 5 a 6 anos, pertencentes ao terceiro período da educação infantil. Para a avaliação foram selecionados o Protocolo de Identificação Precoce dos Problemas de Leitura, e os Testes de Vocabulário Auditivo e de Vocabulário Expressivo. Resultados: Os dados obtidos demonstraram significância estatística para as provas de Vocabulário Receptivo em relação ao Expressivo, Nomeação Automática Rápida e Conhecimento do Alfabeto, Segmentação Silábica e Produção de Rima, acertos para Vocabulário Expressivo e Conhecimento do Alfabeto, assim como para a quantidade de erros em Vocabulário Expressivo e para a Nomeação Automática Rápida. Conclusão: O sucesso almejado para o ingresso no 1º ano do Ensino Fundamental dependerá das variações individuais de cada aluno quanto ao desempenho dos aspectos avaliados neste trabalho e à qualidade dos estímulos recebidos. (AU)

Introduction: Remote teaching limited the experience of concrete experiences in collective spaces for the formation of knowledge and intensified children's vulnerability in terms of formal education, especially children in the initial phase of literacy. From this panorama, it became essential to investigate the performance of students in search of information about the impact caused by the pandemic of COVID-19 on child development. Objective: To verify the performance of preschoolers in vocabulary and predictive skills in hybrid teaching, given the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Participated in this study 12 schoolchildren, aged between 5 and 6 years, belonging to the third period of early childhood education. For the evaluation were selected the Protocol for Early Identification of Reading Problems, and the Auditory Vocabulary and Expressive Vocabulary Tests. Results: The data obtained showed statistical significance for the tests of Receptive Vocabulary in relation to Expressive, Rapid Automatic Naming and Alphabet Knowledge, Syllabic Segmentation and Rhyme Production, correct answers for Expressive Vocabulary and Alphabet Knowledge, as well as for the number of errors in Expressive Vocabulary and for the Automatic Rapid Naming. Conclusion: The desired success for entering the 1st year of Elementary School will depend on the individual variations of each student regarding the performance of the aspects evaluated in this work and the quality of the stimuli received. (AU)

Introducción: La enseñanza a distancia limitó la vivencia de experiencias concretas en espacios colectivos de formación de saberes e intensificó la vulnerabilidad de los niños frente a la educación formal, especialmente de los niños en fase inicial de alfabetización. A partir de este panorama, se hizo imprescindible investigar el desempeño de los escolares en busca de información sobre el impacto que la pandemia de la COVID-19 provocó en el desarrollo infantil. Objetivo: Verificar el desempeño de preescolares en vocabulario y habilidades predictivas en aprendizaje semipresencial, ante los impactos de la pandemia del COVID-19. Método: Participaron en este estudio 12 escolares, con edades comprendidas entre los 5 y 6 años, pertenecientes al tercer ciclo de educación infantil. Para la evaluación se seleccionaron el Protocolo para la Identificación Temprana de Problemas de Lectura, y las Pruebas de Vocabulario Auditivo y Vocabulario Expresivo. Resultados: Los datos obtenidos mostraron significancia estadística para las pruebas de Vocabulario Receptivo en relación con Expresivo, Denominación Automática Rápida y Conocimiento del Alfabeto, Segmentación Silábica y Producción de Rimas, aciertos para Vocabulario Expresivo y Conocimiento del Alfabeto, así como para el número de errores en Vocabulario Expresivo y para Nomenclatura Automática Rápida. Conclusión: El éxito deseado para el ingreso al 1° año de la Enseñanza Fundamental dependerá de las variaciones individuales de cada estudiante en cuanto al desempeño de los aspectos evaluados en este trabajo y la calidad de los estímulos recibidos. (AU)

Promoting adequate and healthy food in early childhood education: a systematic review / Promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável na educação infantil: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Objectives: to identify and describe the characteristics of studies that address the promotion of adequate and healthy food in early childhood education units and their repercussions on the school community. Methods: the search and selection were performed according to the PRISMA recommendations in the Medline databases via OVID, EMBASE and LILACS. Data extraction took placeusing a table developed by the authors. The evaluation of the quality of the evidence of the studies was carried out through the risk of bias using an adapted scale. Result: twelve articles that met the eligibility criteria were selected. All studies were applied in public or private educational institutions with a median of 236 participants. In the analysis of food and nutrition education activities, the most adopted with preschoolers were playful; with the parents it was the meetings and counseling; and with the professionals it was the training. The methodological qualification of the studies was considered low, which may be related to their limitations included in this review, mainly due to the types of designs adopted, the time and lack of continuity of interventions and sample size. Conclusion: food and nutrition education activities seem to be a promising strategy in knowledge, adoption of healthy eating practices and transmission of values in the school community.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar e descrever as características de estudos que abordam a promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável em unidades de educação infantil e suas repercussões na comunidade escolar. Métodos: a busca e seleção foram realizadas segundo as recomendações do PRISMA nas bases de dados Medline via OVID, EMBASE e LILACS. A extração de dados ocorreu utilizando uma tabela elaborada pelas autoras. A avaliação da qualidade das evidências dos estudos foi realizada por meio do risco de viés utilizando uma escala adaptada. Resultados: foram selecionados 12 artigos que atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. Todos os estudos foram aplicados em instituições de ensino públicas ou privadas com uma mediana de 236 participantes. Na análise das atividades de educação alimentar e nutricional, as mais adotadas com os pré-escolares foram as lúdicas; com os pais foram as reuniões e aconselhamentos; e com os profissionais foram as capacitações. A qualificação metodológica dos estudos foi considerada baixa, podendo estar relacionada às limitações dos próprios estudos incluídos nesta revisão, principalmente pelos tipos de desenhos adotados, o tempo e a falta de continuidade das intervenções e tamanho amostrai. Conclusão: atividades de educação alimentar e nutricional parecem ser uma estratégia promissora na disseminação do conhecimento, adoção de práticas alimentares saudáveis e transmissão de valores na comunidade escolar.

Los Centros de Desarrollo Infantil del MIES, una realidad para el futuro de la sociedad / The MIES child development centers, a reality for the future of society

El desarrollo neurológico constituye un objetivo prioritario en Ecuador. Existen Centros de Desarrollo Infantil que persiguen lograr un adecuado desarrollo neurológico en la edad infantil. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue caracterizar el estado de los Centros de Desarrollo Infantil de la provincia Chimborazo, teniendo en cuenta la organización administrativa, situación del talento humano, infraestructura y equipamiento. Para esto se realizó una investigación básica, de campo y descriptiva consistente en la evaluación de estos elementos en cada centro visitado. Del total de 93 instituciones en la provincia, se identificaron 6 que se consideraron emblemáticos. Como principales resultados se puede señalar que las instituciones cuentan con una adecuada infraestructura, equipamiento y gestión administrativa y del talento humano para cumplir sus funciones; sin embargo, se carece de áreas específicas de fisioterapia y de profesionales de esta especialidad. Se concluye que, dentro del marco del convenio macro de cooperación interinstitucional, la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo podrá proveer el recurso humano calificado para las actividades de fisioterapia orientadas a la estimulación del equilibrio, la coordinación y el área sensomotriz; de esta forma se estará consolidando el desarrollo neurológico de los niños que asisten a los Centros de Desarrollo Infantil(AU)

Neurological development is a priority objective in Ecuador. There are Child Development Centers that seek to achieve adequate neurological development in childhood. The objective of the present investigation was to characterize the state of the Child Development Centers of the Chimborazo province, taking into account the administrative organization, the situation of human talent, infrastructure and equipment. For this, a basic, field and descriptive investigation was carried out consisting of the evaluation of the elements previously described in each center visited. Of the total of 93 institutions in the province, 6 were identified as emblematic. As main results, it can be pointed out that the institutions have adequate infrastructure, equipment and administrative management and human talent to fulfill their functions; however, specific areas of physiotherapy and professionals in this specialty are lacking. It is concluded that, within the framework of the inter-institutional cooperation macro agreement, the National University of Chimborazo will be able to provide qualified human resources for physiotherapy activities aimed at stimulating balance, coordination and the sensorimotor area; In this way, the neurological development of the children who attend the Child Development Centers will be consolidated(AU)

Teoría de Luria y su relación con los fundamentos pedagógicos de la evaluación en la infancia preescolar / Luria's theory and its relation to the pedagogical basics of assessment in pre-school childhood

Fundamento: La teoría de Luria permite analizar el desarrollo psicológico después de una lesión cerebral, tanto en adultos como en niños. Objetivo: Analizar el contenido de un grupo de artículos donde se haya realizado la evaluación del niño preescolar desde la teoría de Luria para relacionarla con los fundamentos de la educación de la primera infancia. Desarrollo: La selección de los artículos se realizó considerando: (1) el tema, (2) una ecuación para seleccionar los artículos en las diferentes bases de datos, (3) publicados desde 2015 hasta el 2022, (4) provenientes de ocho bases de datos. La experiencia de Luria y sus seguidores le ha permitido trabajar con los factores neuropsicológicos como indicadores para valorar las alteraciones neurológicas del hombre, aunque la revisión de los artículos permitió concluir que los aportes de Luria tienen relación con los objetivos de la educación de la primera infancia: una evaluación con un enfoque integral. Desde esta perspectiva, los autores del artículo proponen cinco ejecuciones para analizar el desarrollo integral del niño preescolar. Conclusiones: La teoría de Luria puede emplearse en la educación de la primera infancia para realizar la evaluación del niño preescolar con un enfoque integral.

Background: Luria's theory allows analyzing psychological development after brain injury, both in adults and children. Objective: To analyze the content of a set of articles where the evaluation of pre-school children has been done from Luria's theory in order to relate it to the basics of early pre-school education. Development: The selection of articles considered: (1) the topic, (2) an equation to select the articles in dissimilar databases, (3) published from 2015 to 2022, (4) coming from eight databases. The experience of Luria so followers has allowed to work with neuropsychological factors as the indicators to assess neurological alterations in man, although the articles review has led to the conclusion that Luria's contributions are related to the objectives of early pre-school education: an assessment with a comprehensive approach. From this perspective, the authors of the article propose five implementations to analyze the integral development of the pre-school child. Conclusions: Luria's theory can be employed in early pre-school education to assess the pre-school child with a comprehensive approach.

Feto-maternal outcomes of caesarean delivery in Federal Medical Centre, Asaba: a two year review

Background: The upward trend of caesarean section and its associated morbidity/mortality especially in low- and middle-income areas make regular appraisal of the procedure necessary. Objective: To evaluate caesarean section; its rate, indications, and maternal and fetal outcomes in Asaba. Methods: A retrospective study of all caesarean sections carried out at the obstetrics unit of the Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, between July 1, 2018, and June 31, 2020. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: There were 2778 deliveries during the period, out of which 705 had caesarean sections, giving an overall caesarean section rate of 25.4%. There were 456 (64.7%) emergency caesarean sections. The commonest indication for caesarean section was repeat caesarean section 196 (27.8%), while cephalo-pelvic disproportion 87 (12.3%) was the commonest indication for emergency caesarean section. Majority of the babies had low APGAR score at 1min and 5mins, 126 (27.6%) and 50 (11.0%) from emergency than elective caesarean section 16 (6.4%) and 5 (2.0%) at 1min and 5mins respectively (x2=17.963, P<0.001). There were 31 (4.2%) perinatal deaths out of which majority 28 (6.1%) were from emergency caesarean sections (x2=9.412 P=0.002). The commonest post-operative complication was postpartum anemia (140 (19.9%) while caesarean section case fatality was 0.6%. Conclusion: This study showed a caesarean section rate of 25.4% with repeat caesarean section and Cephalopelvic disproportion being the most common indication for elective and emergency caesarean section respectively. Emergency caesarean section accounted for most of the cases and is associated with a higher risk of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality

Factors Associated with Failed Contraception in Women Attending Level One Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia

Background: Unintended pregnancy is a major public health concern due to its impact on maternal morbidity and mortality. Contraceptive failure is one of the causes of unintended pregnancy. Data on factors associated with contraceptive method failure is scarce. This study therefore aimed to explore factors associated with contraceptive failure. Methodology: Unmatched case-control study was conducted at five Level One Hospitals in Lusaka. Convenience sampling was used to enrol 108 cases for whom pregnancy occurred while on a modern contraceptive method and 108 hospital-based controls who were on a modern contraceptive method and not pregnant. Binary and multiple logistic regressions were utilized for assessment of factors associated with failed contraception. Results: Among the 108 cases, 46 (42.6%), 40 (37%), 17 (15.7%) and 1 (0.9%) were on the oral contraceptive pill, injectable, implant and intrauterine device contraception methods respectively while 2 (1.9%) were on barrier and emergency contraceptive methods respectively. The odds of contraceptive failure when using the oral contraceptive pill was more than 7 times (AOR 7.790, 95% CI 1.210-50.161, p=0.031). Those who had contraception failure were more than 3 times more likely to be younger than 30 years old compared to those whose contraceptive method did not fail (AOR 3.559, 95% CI 1.100-11.521, p=0.034 and AOR 3.596, 95% CI 1.354-9.550, p=0.010 respectively for age groups 18-24 years and 24-30 years old). Other factors associated with higher odds of contraceptive failure were duration of marriage greater than one year, with the highest odds in those married for more than 10 years (AOR 9.744, 95% CI 2.232-42.537, p=0.002), higher social support (AOR 2.402, 95% CI 1.085-5.321, p=0.031), multiparity (AOR 15.299, 95% CI 3.034- 77.151, p=0.001), and duration of use of antecedent contraception method of more than 2-3 years (AOR 4.913, 95% CI 1.662-14.526, p=0.004). Conclusion: The oral contraceptive pill, younger age, marriage duration of more than one year and contraceptive use more than three years were associated with contraceptive failure. Good messaging and counseling on usage of the oral contraceptive pill are recommended.

Developing and prioritising strategies to improve the implementation of maternal healthcare guidelines in South Africa: The nominal group technique

Background: In South Africa, maternal healthcare guidelines are distributed to primary health care (PHC) facility for midwives to refer and implement during maternal healthcare services. Different training was offered for the use of maternal care guidelines. However, poor adherence and poor implementation of guidelines were discovered. Aim: This study aimed to develop and prioritise strategies to improve the implementation of maternal healthcare guidelines at PHC facilities of Limpopo province, South Africa. Method: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis and its matrix together with the nominal group technique were used to develop the current strategy. Midwives, maternal, assistant and operational managers from PHC facilities of the two selected district of the Limpopo province were selected. Criterion-based purposive sampling was used to select participants. Data collection and analysis involved the four steps used in the nominal group technique. Results: Strategies related to strengths and weaknesses such as human resources, maternal health services and knowledge deficit were identified. Opportunities and threats such as availability of guidelines, community involvement and quality assurance as factors that influenced the provision of maternal healthcare services were identified. Conclusion: Researchers formulated actions that could build on identified strengths, overcome weaknesses such as human resources, explore opportunities and mitigate the threats such as quality assurance

Acogida y proximidad como posibilidades de interrelación en teleterapia ocupacional: experiencia de práctica con niños y niñas del Jardín Infantil de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia / Reception and proximity as possibilities of interrelation in occupational teletherapy: experience from the practice with children in the Universidad Nacional de Colombia's kindergarten / Acolhimento e proximidade como possibilidades de inter-relação em teleterapia ocupacional: experiência de uma prática com crianças do Jardim de Infância da Universidade Nacional da Colômbia

Este artículo propone una reflexión a partir de las experiencias de un grupo de estudiantes de Terapia Ocupacional durante su práctica en el área de educación, en diálogo con las apuestas de la perspectiva ética de Lévinas y la construcción de horizontes de sentido en el campo educativo, que interpelan comprensiones de la educación como instrumento para el mero aprendizaje de habilidades y conceptos que se instalan en los sujetos. La práctica se realizó con dos grupos de niños y niñas del Jardín Infantil de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia durante el primer semestre del 2021, en la modalidad de teleterapia ocupacional. Se enfatiza en el proceso de constitución de espacios de aprendizaje y reflexión sobre el actuar profesional en la escuela, en tiempos de distanciamiento social por la pandemia de COVID-19, y de otras formas para construir relaciones basadas en la proximidad y la acogida en teleterapia.

This article proposes a reflection based on the experiences of a group of Occupational Therapy students in their education area practice, in dialogue with the ethical perspective of Lévinas and the construction of horizons of meaning in the educational field, who ques- tion the understanding of education as a tool for the sole learning of skills and concepts installed in individuals. The practice was carried out with two groups of children in the Universidad Nacional de Colombia's kindergarten during the first semester of 2021 in the occupational teletherapy modality. Emphasis is placed on the process of creating spaces for learning and reflection on professional conducting at school, in times of social distan- cing due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and in other ways to build relationships based on proximity and embrace in teletherapy.

Este artigo propõe uma reflexão a partir das experiências de um grupo de estudantes de Terapia Ocupacional, durante sua prática na área da educação, em diálogo com a perspectiva ética de Lévinas e a construção de horizontes de sentido no campo educativo, que questionam as compreensões da educação como instrumento para a mera aprendizagem de habilidades e conceitos que se instalam nos sujeitos. A prática foi realizada com dois grupos de crianças do Jardim de Infância da Universidade Nacional da Colômbia, durante o primeiro semestre de 2021, na modalidade de teleterapia ocupacional. A ênfase é colocada no processo de constituição de espaços de aprendizagem e de reflexão sobre a atuação profissional na escola, em tempos de distanciamento social devido à pandemia de COVID-19, e de outras formas para construir relações baseadas na proximidade e no acolhimento em teleterapia.

Active play interventions on motor skills of preschoolers: a systematic review / Intervenções com brincar ativo nas habilidades motoras de pré-escolares: uma revisão sistemática

Active play can contribute to the reduction of sedentary time and generate potential benefits for the performance of fundamental motor skills in children. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to provide a synthesis of evidence on the contributions of active play to fundamental motor skills in children aged 2 to 5 years typically developed, as well as to verify the differences between the intervention protocols used in the studies. The studies were identified by searching the PubMed, Web of Science and Lilacs databases. Clinical trials available in English, conducted in typically developing children, were included, and studies with the theme of electronic games were excluded. Two independent researchers examined the studies and conducted data extraction. Eight articles were included in the systematic review; three identified that children who experienced interventions with free active play had better performance in handling and balance skills. Four studies identified that children who practiced guided active play had better performance in locomotion, manipulation and balance skills, one study found no significant difference. We concluded that the practice of active play, especially guided active play, positively contributes to the fundamental motor skills of children aged 3 to 5 years typically developed. (AU)

Brincadeiras ativas podem contribuir para redução do tempo sedentário e gerar potenciais benefícios para o desempenho das habilidades motoras fundamentais em crianças. Assim, o objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi fornecer uma síntese das evidências sobre as contribuições do brincar ativo para a habilidades motoras fundamentais em crianças de 2 a 5 anos tipicamente desenvolvidas, bem como verificar as diferenças entre os protocolos de intervenção utilizados nos estudos. Os estudos foram identificados por meio de busca nas bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science e Lilacs. Foram incluídos os ensaios clínicos disponíveis em inglês, realizados em crianças com desenvolvimento típico, e excluídos os estudos com a temática de jogos eletrônicos. Dois pesquisadores independentes examinaram os estudos e conduziram a extração de dados. Oito artigos foram incluídos na revisão sistemática; três identificaram que as crianças que vivenciaram intervenções com brincadeira ativa livre tiveram melhor desempenho nas habilidades de manuseio e equilíbrio. Quatro estudos identificaram que crianças que praticavam brincadeiras ativas orientadas tinham melhor desempenho nas habilidades de locomoção, manipulação e equilíbrio, um estudo não encontrou diferença significativa. Concluímos que a prática da brincadeira ativa, especialmente a orientada, contribui positivamente para o desempenho das habilidades motoras fundamentais de crianças de 3 a 5 anos tipicamente desenvolvidas. (AU)

Elementos que caracterizan los cuidados en guarderías infantiles (revisión narrativa) / Elements that characterize child care in nurseries (narrative review)

RESUMEN Introducción: la revolución científico-técnica trajo consigo la incorporación masiva de las mujeres al trabajo, por esta y muchas otras causas aparecieron espacios como las guarderías para el cuidado de las niñas y niños. Objetivo: describir los elementos que caracterizan los cuidados en las guarderías infantiles. Métodos: se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura como herramienta metodológica que posibilitó caracterizar las publicaciones sobre determinados asuntos. Se seleccionaron 13 artículos, desde 2014 hasta 2019, que fueron publicados en: Brasil, Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, Canadá, Portugal y Colombia, y que aparecen en las bases de datos: MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete, MedicLatina, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, SciELO y BioMed Central. Los aspectos que sobresalieron sobre esta temática fueron: el sueño del niño que asiste a las guarderías, los ambientes saludables, la presencia de entero parasitosis, el desarrollo cognitivo - psicosocial y el estado nutricional. Conclusiones: se percibió la necesidad de realizar más investigaciones sobre el tema, dado que no hay suficientes evidencias sobre la relación entre la postura al dormir y la muerte súbita. No obstante, hay otros aspectos que ofrecen pautas a seguir como: el uso de normas y guías sobre el sueño del niño, las cuatro premisas del ambiente saludable en las guarderías, el cuidado institucional sobre el desarrollo cognitivo y psicosocial, la relación entre la presencia de niños en guarderías con el parasitismo infantil, y la responsabilidad de los cuidadores sobre la nutrición.

ABSTRACT Introduction: scientific and technical revolution brought with it, the massive incorporation of women to work; for this and many other causes, spaces such as nurseries for girls and boys appeared. Objective: to describe elements that characterize child care in nurserys. Methods: a narrative review of the literature was carried out as a methodological tool that made it possible to characterize the publications on certain issues. Thirteen articles that were published in Brazil, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Portugal and Colombia, as well as appeared in MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete, MedicLatina, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, SciELO and BioMed Central databases from 2014 to 2019 were selected. Sleep in children attending nurseries, healthy environments, presence of enteroparasitosis, cognitive and psychosocial development and nutritional status were the aspects that stood out on this topic. Conclusions: the need for more research on the subject was perceived, given that there is not enough evidence on the relationship between sleeping posture and sudden death. However, there are other aspects that offer guidelines to follow, such as the use of norms and guides on the child's sleep, the four premises of a healthy environment in nurseries, institutional care on cognitive and psychosocial development, the relationship between presence of children in nurseries with child parasitism, and the responsibility of caregivers on nutrition.

Guarderías infantiles. Crecimiento y desarrollo del niño / Childcare center. Child growth and development

Introducción: la incorporación de la mujer a la planta productiva ha modificado los patrones de atención y cuidado de los hijos. Objetivo: determinar el efecto de la guardería en el crecimiento y desarrollo del niño. Metodología: diseño de cohorte antes y después en niños atendidos en guarderías; la fuente de información fue el expediente clínico que genera de manera cotidiana el personal encargado de la atención del niño. Grupo no expuesto: niños al ingresar a la guardería (43 días a 24 meses de edad); grupo expuesto: los mismos niños al salir de la guardería (31 meses a 48 meses de edad). La exposición incluyó programas de alimentación y pedagogía para estimular el desarrollo psicosocial, lingüístico, motriz y cognitivo. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 154 expedientes. Se realizó la valoración del estado nutricional (Organización Mundial de la Salud, peso para la talla) y de desarrollo psicosocial (Evaluación del Desarrollo del Niño), lingüístico, motriz y cognitivo. Se utilizaron t pareada, Wilcoxon y McNemar. Resultados: el estado nutricional no se modificó (p = 0.837). El desarrollo al egreso fue estadísticamente significativo en las áreas psicosocial (p = 0.000), lingüística (p = 0.000), motriz (p = 0.000) y cognitiva (p = 0.000). Conclusión: el niño atendido en guardería sometido a programas para el desarrollo tiene alta probabilidad de evolucionar de manera favorable en las áreas psicosocial, lingüística, motriz y cognitiva.

Introduction: The incorporation of women into the economcally active sector has changed the patterns of children development and childcare. Objective: Determine the impact that a childcare center may have on the growth and development of children. Methods: Before and after cohort design in childcare center, using the information gathered in the clinical file, by personnel in charge of watching the children. Unexposed group, children upon entering the childcare center (from 43 days to 24 months of age); exposed group, the same children after leaving the childcare center (from 31 months to 48 months of age). Intervention included feeding and pedagogical program to stimulate psychosocial, language, motor and cognitive development. The sample size was 154 files. Assessment of nutritional status (World Health Organization tables for weight for height) and psychosocial, language, motor and cognitive development (Child Development Assessment instrument) was performed.Paired t, Wilcoxon and McNemar were used. Results: Nutritional condition was not modified (p = 0.837). After visiting the childcare center, the development of children was statistically significant in the psychosocial (p = 0.000), language (p = 0.000), motor (p = 0.000) and cognitive (p = 0.000) areas. Conclusion: The children in childcare centers undergoing a program of development, evolve favorably in the psychoso-cial, language, motor, and cognitive areas.

Early Childhood Caries Experience of Children from Poor Families Living Below and Above Poverty Line

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the role of poverty and its related factors on early childhood caries (ECC) experience among deprived children. Material and Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study surveyed 418 children aged one to six years enrolled in Brazilian public preschools from an area of the country known for its high social deprivation. Intraoral examination of children evaluated dental caries experience (dmft). Parents/caregivers answered a questionnaire with sociodemographic indicators. Family income was dichotomized into below or above poverty line. Data analysis used Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test, and Multivariate Logistic Regression analysis (p<0.05). Results: Predisposing variables for an increased chance of ECC were: age group 3-4 years (OR: 4.89; 95% CI: 2.32-10.31), age group 5-6-years (OR: 5.60; 95% CI: 2.60-12.04), being part of families living below poverty line (OR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.04-3.38) and having mothers with less than nine years of schooling (OR: 2.86; 95% CI: 2.77-7.14). Children from families living below poverty line presented higher dmft (2.9 +3.8; p=0.001) and untreated dental caries (d component) (2.7 +3.7; p=0.002). Conclusion: ECC in a poor population was influenced by indicators of social deprivation. The poorest of poor children from mothers with less years of schooling were at higher risk.

Análise da construção da autonomia infantil: interações entre crianças e professoras na educação infantil / Analysis of the construction of child autonomy: interactions between children and teachers in early childhood education / Análisis de construcción autonomía de hijo: interacciones entre los niños y los maestros de educación infantil

Este estudo investigou as interações e afetividade entre professoras-criança e criança-criança e suas implicações para o processo da autonomia infantil. Observou-se a rotina diária de uma turma de Maternal 2, com 26 crianças de 3 anos, uma professora e uma monitora em um CREI - Centro de Referência em Educação Infantil, na cidade de João Pessoa-PB. A técnica empregada foi a de videogravação de episódios interativos. Os dados foram tratados por meio da análise microgenética, em que os episódios interativos foram divididos em 3 (três) tipos de díades: criança-criança, professoras-criança e criança-professoras. Os resultados indicam que as crianças resistiam e construíam sua autonomia entre os pares. É oportuno dizer que encontramos um ambiente com interações intercaladas entre afetivas e proporcionadoras da construção da autonomia (criança-criança) e outras disciplinadoras (professora ou monitora-criança).

This study investigated teacher-child and child-child interactions and affectivity and their implications of the process on child autonomy. It was observed the daily routine of a class of Kindergarden 2 with 26 children around 3 year old, a teacher and a monitor in a CREI - Reference Center in Early Childhood Education - in the city of João Pessoa-PB. The technique employed was the video recording of interactive episodes. The data were treated using microgenetic analysis, in which the interactive episodes were divided into 3 (three) types different parallels: child-child, child-teacher and child-teacher. The results indicate that children resisted and built their autonomy among peers. It is worth mentioning that we found an environment with interspersed interactions between affective and providing the construction of autonomy (child-child) and other disciplinarians (teacher or child monitor).

Este estudio investigó las interacciones y la afectividad entre maestras-niño y niño-niño y sus implicaciones para el proceso de autonomía infantil. Se observó la rutina diaria de una clase de Guardería con 26 niños de 3 años, una maestra y una monitora en un Centro de Referencia en Educación Infantil en la ciudad de João Pessoa-PB. La técnica empleada fue la grabación de video de episodios interactivos. Los datos se trataron mediante análisis microgenético, en el que los episodios interactivos se dividieron en 3 (tres) tipos de díadas: niño-niño, niño-maestras y maestras-niños. Los resultados indican que los niños resisten y construyen su autonomía entre sus compañeros. Vale la pena mencionar que encontramos un ambiente con interacciones intercaladas entre afectivas y proporcionadoras de construcción de autonomía (niño-niño) y otras disciplinadoras (maestras o monitora - niños).

Behavior problems, anxiety, and social skills among kindergarteners / Problemas de comportamento, ansiedade e habilidades sociais de crianças pré-escolares / Problemas de conducta, ansiedad y habilidades sociales de los niños preescolares

This study presents the indicators of behavior, anxiety and social skills of 38 kindergarteners (52.6% girls, mean age 5.34 years; SD = 0.48) enrolled in a municipal school located in the southeastern region of Brazil. The children's parents/caregivers (86.4% mothers) and teachers completed the instruments: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS) and Preschool Kindergarten Behavior Scale (PKBS-BR). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Most children were classified in the non-clinical range for behavior problems and anxiety. The perceptions of the children's parents/caregivers and teachers diverged, with guardians more frequently identifying deficits in Total Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders, Fear of Physical Harm and Separation Anxiety (PAS); External Problems and Hyperactivity (SDQ); and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems (PKBS). A correlation was found between anxiety, behavior problems and social skills, reinforcing that there is interdependence between aspects of social-emotional development. These findings can support interventions at schools intended to promote prosocial behaviors.

Este estudo descreveu indicadores comportamentais, ansiedade e habilidades sociais de 38 pré-escolares (52,6% meninas, média de idade de 5,34; DP = 0,48) matriculados em uma escola municipal, localizada na região sudeste do Brasil. Os responsáveis (86,4% mães) e professoras, responderam aos instrumentos: Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades (SDQ), Escala de Ansiedade Pré-Escolar (PAS) e Escala de Comportamentos Sociais de Pré-Escolares (PKBS-BR). Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e inferencial. A maioria das crianças foi referida na faixa normal para problemas comportamentais e ansiedade. Responsáveis e professoras divergiram, com os primeiros atribuindo mais déficits em Ansiedade Total, Perturbações Obsessivo-Compulsivas, Medo de Dano Físico e Ansiedade de Separação (PAS); Problemas Externalizantes e Hiperatividade (SDQ); e Problemas Internalizantes e Externalizantes (PKBS). Verificou-se correlação entre ansiedade, problemas comportamentais e habilidades sociais, reforçando a interdependência entre aspectos do desenvolvimento socioemocional. Esses achados podem subsidiar propostas de intervenção para promoção de comportamentos pró-sociais na escola.

Este estudio describió indicadores conductuales, ansiedad y habilidades sociales de 38 preescolares (52,6% niñas, promedio de edad de 5,34, DP = 0,48), matriculados en una escuela municipal, ubicada en la región sudeste de Brasil. Los responsables (86,4% madres) y profesoras, respondieron a los instrumentos: Cuestionario de Capacidades y Dificultades (SDQ), Escala de Ansiedad Pre-Escolar (PAS) y Escala de Conductas Sociales de Pre-Escolares (PKBS-BR). Los datos fueron analizados por estadística descriptiva e inferencial. La mayoría de los niños fueron referidos en el rango normal para problemas de comportamiento y ansiedad. Los responsables y las profesoras divergieron, con los primeros asignando más déficits en Ansiedad Total, Trastornos obsesivos-compulsivos, miedos de daño físico y ansiedad de separación (PAS); Problemas Externos y Hiperactividad (SDQ); y Problemas Internalizantes y Externalizadores (PKBS). Se verificó correlación entre ansiedad, problemas conductuales y habilidades sociales, reforzando la interdependencia entre aspectos del desarrollo socioemocional. Estos hallazgos pueden subsidiar propuestas de intervención para promover comportamientos pro-sociales en la escuela.

Socio-demographic and nutritional assessment of under five children in Benue State North Central Nigeria

Background: Globally, malnutrition is a major public health concern. Under nutrition in Nigeria is a long standing problem since independence and the magnitude is on the increase. This is so because food consumption both in quantity and quality has decreased considerably due to unemployment and other harsh economic conditions. Objectives:The study aimed at assessingthe sociodemographic and Nutritional status of underfive Children in Benue State North Central Nigeria. Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted using quantitative data collection methods. The study involved interviews using questionnaires for sociodemographic variables, immunization, breast feeding practices and anthropometric measurements. Data were analyzedusing SPSS version 21. Ninety five percent confidence interval was used while a p value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:Two hundred and twenty three under five children and their mothers were assessed for nutritional status using selected and sensitive anthropometric methods. The results showed that children with mothers/caregiverswithout formal education had weight and height 36.4% and 70.5% below normal respectively.Mothers with income less than twenty thousand per annum had children with height 53.3% below normal while those earning above twenty thousand naira per year had weight 41.0% and height 62.9% below average respectively. Furthermore, children without appropriate immunization for age had 29.9%, 53.2%, and 36.9% below normal for weight, height and mid upper arm circumference respectively. There was a statistically significant relationship betweenweight, height and mid upper arm circumference with the age of children (p=0.00, 0.002, 0.001respectively) with respect to their nutritional status. Conclusion: The nutritional need of a childis complex. There is need for proper nutritional education

Atuação fonoaudiológica na pré-escola: uma ação de promoção à saúde da criança / Language intervention in preschool: an action in promotion of children's health / Actuación fonoaudiológica en la pre-escuela: una acción de promoción a la salud del niño

Introdução: A atuação fonoaudiológica no acompanhamento pré-escolar constitui-se também em uma ação de promoção de saúde. O desenvolvimento e evolução da criança no aprendizado estão atrelados também à consciência e situações fundamentais para o progresso da comunicação e da linguagem. Objetivos: verificar o desenvolvimento das habilidades da linguagem oral, tais como o aumento de vocabulário, memória verbal e consciência fonológica em crianças pré-escolares. Métodos: Estudo experimental com realização de um programa de intervenção de linguagem oral e uso de grupo controle. Foram realizadas avaliações da linguagem oral antes e após a intervenção em todos os grupos, por meio da aplicação do Protocolo de Observação Comportamental - PROC. O PROC gera um escore total de 200 pontos distribuídos entre as habilidades de comunicação, compreensão e desenvolvimento cognitivo. Para a estimulação, realizaram-se atividades lúdicas para a ampliação do vocabulário e para estimulação do desenvolvimento da consciência fonológica. A intervenção aconteceu em grupo no período de nove semanas. Resultados: Observou-se um aumento estatisticamente significativo da pontuação no segundo período de aplicação do PROC, em relação à primeira aplicação (p<0,001), o que representa uma importante ferramenta de promoção da saúde da criança, pois a maior pontuação não se explica apenas pelo aumento da idade, o que nos leva a inferir sobre a importância da intervenção realizada. Conclusão: A inserção de práticas de estimulação de linguagem oral no âmbito escolar se configura em uma ação de promoção da saúde e deve ser incentivada no planejamento pedagógico do pré-escolar.

Introduction: Speech therapy in preschool follow-up is also a health promotion action. The development and evolution of children in learning are also linked to awareness and situations that are fundamental to the progress of communication and language. Objective: To verify whether oral language stimulation practices promote the development of oral language skills in pre-school children, such as the enhancement of their vocabulary, verbal memory and phonological awareness. Methods: experimental study with a control group of children, aged between one and a half year old and four and a half years old. The study was carried out in three stages. The purpose of the first stage was to evaluate children's communication skills through the application of the Behavioral Observation Protocol (PROC). The second phase referred to the implementation of the intervention program with stimulation of oral language in the school environment; the third stage of this study involved the reapplication of the aforementioned PROC. The intervention took place in a group over nine weeks. Results: A statistically significant increase of the scores was observed in the second application of the PROC in comparison with that conducted in the first stage of this study (p <0.001). Such an increase cannot be explained by the increase in the age group, which underlines the importance of the intervention performed. Conclusion: The findings made in this study lead to the conclusion that intervention with oral language stimulation practices in the school environment helps in the communicative and cognitive development of pre-school children.

Introducción: la terapia del habla en el seguimiento preescolar también es una acción de promoción de la salud. El desarrollo y la evolución de los niños en el aprendizaje también están vinculados a la conciencia y las situaciones que son fundamentales para el progreso de la comunicación y el lenguaje. Objetivos: verificar el desarrollo de las habilidades del lenguaje oral, tales como el aumento de vocabulario, memoria verbal y conciencia fonológica en niños preescolares. Métodos: Estudio experimental con realización de un programa de intervención de lenguaje oral y uso de grupo control. Se realizaron evaluaciones del lenguaje oral antes y después de la intervención en todos los grupos, a través de la aplicación del Protocolo de Observación Comportamental - PROC. El PROC genera una puntuación total de 200 puntos distribuidos entre las habilidades de comunicación, comprensión y desarrollo cognitivo. Para la estimulación, se realizaron actividades lúdicas para la ampliación del vocabulario y para la estimulación del desarrollo de la conciencia fonológica. La intervención tuvo lugar en un grupo durante un período de nueve semanas. Resultados: Se observó un aumento estadísticamente significativo de la puntuación en el segundo período de aplicación del PROC, en relación a la primera aplicación (p <0,001), lo que representa una importante herramienta de promoción de la salud del niño, pues la mayor puntuación no se explica sólo por el aumento de la edad, lo que nos lleva a inferir sobre la importancia de la intervención realizada. Conclusión: La inserción de prácticas de estimulación de lenguaje oral en el ámbito escolar se configura en una acción de promoción de la salud y debe ser incentivada en la planificación pedagógica del preescolar.

Situación de la lactancia materna en el jardín maternal del Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan / Breastfeeding at the day care center of Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan

Introducción: La incorporación de las mujeres a la fuerza laboral, así como las contradicciones existentes entre las recomendaciones de salud y el marco legal que ampara a las madres trabajadoras, hacen que no se logre cumplir las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) sobre la práctica de la lactancia materna exclusiva durante seis meses y el mantenimiento hasta los dos años o más, y la introducción de alimentos apropiados para la edad y seguros desde los seis meses. Objetivo: Conocer las características demográficas de la población de estudio; la percepción de las madres sobre las barreras y facilitadores de la LM durante la jornada laboral en el hospital y elaborar estrategias que permitan facilitar la LM a los niños menores de tres años cuyas madres trabajen en el hospital. Material y métodos: estudio transversal, participaron de la investigación las mujeres que trabajaron en el Hospital Garrahan durante los meses de julio 2017 a marzo 2018, cuyos hijos de 0 a 3 años asistieron al jardín maternal del hospital. Resultados: de los 162 niños, hijos de las trabajadoras, que participaron de la investigación, 79 recibieron LM al momento de la encuesta (48,8%). El 53% de los niños menores de 6 meses recibieron lactancia materna exclusiva; el 65% de los niños de 6 a 12 meses y el 24% de los niños de 1 a 3 años recibieron lactancia materna continuada. Además, la mitad de las madres encuestadas manifestaron haber tenido problemas en relación a la LM. Conclusión: Se esperaba contar con mejores índices de lactancia materna dada la población estudiada, ya que la mayoría son mujeres profesionales y que han recibido educación en LM. Se elaboraron estrategias para mejorar los índices de lactancia en el hospital.(AU)

Introduction: The incorporation of women in the workforce as well as the current contradictions among health recommendations and the legal framework that protects working mothers lead to difficulties to meet the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) on exclusive breastfeeding practices during the first six months of life and maintenance up to two years or more, and the introduction of adequate and safe food according to age after six months. Objective: To identify the demographic features of the study population; the perception of mothers about the barriers and facilitators of breastfeeding during the working day at the hospital and to develop strategies to facilitate breastfeeding for children younger than three years whose mothers work at the hospital. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study evaluating mothers who worked at Garrahan Hospital between July 2017 and March 2018, with children between 0 and 3 years of life who attended the day care center of the hospital. Results: of 162 children of wokers of the hospital that participated in the study, 79 were breastfed during the study period (48.8%). Overall, 53% of the infants younger than 6 months of life were exclusively breatsfed; 65% of the children between 6 and 12 months, and 24% of the children aged between 1 and 3 years received additional breastfeeding. Half of the mothers that were surveyed manifested having problems with breastfeeding. Conclusion: Higher rates of breastfeeding were expected in the study population as the majority of the women were professionals who had information on maternal breastfeeding. Strategies will be developed to improve the breastfeeding rate at the hospital (AU)

A primeira escolarização: a participação do professor na elaboração do contrato narcísico e na institucionalização da criança / Primera escolaridad: participación del profesor en la elaboración del contrato narcisista y la institucionalización del niño / First schooling: teacher's participation in the elaboration of the narcissistic contract and institutionalization of the child / Première scolarisation: participation de l'enseignant à l'élaboration du contrat narcissique et institutionnalisation de l'enfant

O presente artigo aborda alguns processos psíquicos em ação durante o estabelecimento do laço entre a criança e o grupo social no momento de sua entrada na escola maternal. Nessa direção, cabe destacar a compreensão desenvolvida, a forma de reflexão estabelecida para estudo dos elementos abordados, a saber, como se enodam os sujeitos, grupos e instituições. Esses três elementos são analisados a partir da abordagem clínica de orientação psicanalítica em ciências da educação. A partir dessa perspectiva, observa-se que a institucionalização da criança não visa somente a produzir um aluno para o qual são transmitidos os saberes instituídos, mas também um cidadão participante da dialética instituinte/instituído dentro da instituição, contribuindo, assim, de um ponto de vista psíquico inconsciente, para o estabelecimento do contrato narcísico, o qual liga o sujeito ao grupo. Este trabalho fornece alguns elementos que auxiliam na descrição e análise de uma situação observada em uma escola de classe de pequena seção da escola maternal, com o objetivo de defender a ideia segundo a qual a institucionalização é um processo no qual participam a criança (que se institucionaliza) e o professor que, pelo seu acompanhamento, ocupa um lugar de portavoz, ou seja, um papel principal na elaboração do vínculo entre a criança, a dinâmica institucional e o grupo social.

Abordamos ciertos procesos mentales presentes en el establecimiento del vínculo entre el niño y el grupo social en el momento de su ingreso en el jardín de infancia. Proponemos algunos elementos para caracterizar el enfoque clínico de la orientación psicoanalítica en las ciencias de la educación, en la que se inscribe este trabajo y mediante la cual se busca comprender cómo se forman los sujetos, los grupos y las instituciones. Así se demuestra que la institucionalización del niño, que tiene como objetivo no solo producir un alumno a quien se transmite el conocimiento instituido, sino también a un ciudadano que participa en el establecimiento / instituto dialéctico dentro de las instituciones, contribuye inconscientemente con el establecimiento del contrato narcisista que une el sujeto y el grupo. El artículo proporciona algunos elementos descriptivos y analíticos de una situación observada en un pequeño jardín de infantes para defender la idea de que la institucionalización es un proceso en el que el participan el niño y el docente acompañamiento, ocupando un lugar de portavoz, desempeña un papel fundamental en el desarrollo del vinculo entre el niño, lo institucional y el grupo social.

In the present writing, it is a question of approaching certain mental processes at work when establishing the link between the child and the social group at the moment of its entry into the nursery school. The author starts by giving some elements to characterize the clinical approach of psychoanalytic orientation in the sciences of education in which his reflection is inscribed and by which it seeks to understand how subjects, groups and institutions are formed. Thus it shows that the institutionalization of the child, which aims not only to produce a pupil to whom instituted knowledge is transmitted but also a citizen participating in the dialectic establishing / instituted within the institutions, contributes to the psychic unconscious at the establishment of the narcissistic contract that binds the subject and the whole. The article provides some descriptive and analytical elements of a situation observed in a small nursery school class to defend the idea that if institutionalization is a process in which the child participates (which becomes institutionalized), the teaching by his accompaniment, occupying a place of spokesperson, plays a major role in the development of the report of the child to the institutional thing and the social group.

Il s'agit, dans le présent écrit, d'aborder certains processus psychiques à l'œuvre lors de l'établissement du lien entre l'enfant et le groupe social au moment de son entrée à l'école maternelle. L'auteure commence par donner quelques éléments permettant de caractériser l'approche clinique d'orientation psychanalytique en sciences de l'éducation dans laquelle s'inscrit sa réflexion et par laquelle elle cherche à comprendre comment se nouent sujets, groupes et institutions. Ainsi montre-t-elle ensuite que l'institutionnalisation de l'enfant, qui vise non seulement à produire un élève auquel sont transmis des savoirs institués mais aussi un citoyen participant à la dialectique instituant/institué au sein des institutions, contribue sur le plan psychique inconscient à l'établissement du contrat narcissique qui lie le sujet et l'ensemble. L'article fournit quelques éléments qui décrivent et analysent une situation observée dans une classe de petite section d'école maternelle pour soutenir l'idée que si l'institutionnalisation est un processus auquel participe l'enfant (qui s'institutionnalise), l'enseignant par son accompagnement, en occupant une place de porte-parole, joue un rôle majeur dans l'élaboration du rapport de l'enfant à la chose institutionnelle et au groupe social.